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  3. 共用题干 第二篇Solving a problem can be broken down into several steps.First,the pr...

共用题干 第二篇Solving a problem can be broken down into several steps.First,the pr...

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问题 共用题干
第二篇

Solving a problem can be broken down into several steps.First,the problem must be identified correctly.Psychologists refer to this step as problem representation.For many problems,a figuring out which information is relevant and which is irrelevant can be difficult and can interfere with arriving at a good solution.Clearly,a problem can be solved,it must be obvious what the problem is; however,this is not as easy as it might seem.One obstacle to efficient problem representation is functional fixedness,that is,allowing preconceived notions and even prejudices to color the facts. Most people tend to see objects and events in certain fixed ways,and by being inflexible in viewing the problem,they may be unable to notice the tools for the solution.
Once the problem is identified accurately,however,the second step consists of considering the alternatives for a solution.A common way to evaluate alternatives is to write them down and then make a list of advantages and disadvantages for each solution. Here again,people may be limited by prior experiences.Often people adopt mental sets that lead them to the same problem-solving strategies that were successful for problems in the past. Although that can be helpful most of the time, sometimes a new situation requires a different strategy. In that case,the mental set must be abandoned,and new alternatives must be explored.This can be a difficult adjustment for some people.
After the alternatives have been compared,a strategy must be selected from among them.One way to avoid becoming stuck in the options is to try the best option with a view to abandoning it for another if the results are unfavorable.This attitude allows many people to move on expeditiously to the next step—action.The strategy selected must be implemented and tested.If it solves the problem,no further action is necessary,but if not,then an unsuccessful solution may actually lead to a more successful option.If the solution is still not apparent,then the cycle begins again,starting with problem identification.By continuing to review the problem and repeat the problem-solving steps,the solution can be improved upon and refined.
选项 We can evaluate the alternatives for a solution by_________.
A:using prior experiences
B:adopting mental sets
C:abandoning mental sets
D:writing down the advantages and disadvantages of each solution
答案D
解析主旨推断题。第一段第一句为本文主旨句：解决问题可以简化为几个步骤。接着第二句中提到了第一个步骤: First , the problem must be identified correctly．首先，必须要认清问题。第二段第一句提到：Once the problem is identified accurately , however , the second step consists of considering the alternatives for a solution．不过，一旦认清了问题是什么，第二个步骤就包括考虑各种解决方法。第三段第一句提到：After the alternatives have been compared,a strategy must be selected from among them．在对比了各种可供选择的解决方案后，我们必须从中选出一个方案来。第三段第三句提到the next step一action，倒数第二句提到the cycle begins again。由此可知解决问题的步骤分为四个。
细节题。参照36题解释。
词义辫析题。该句中已经提到如何去分辨哪些信息是相关的和哪些是不相关的非常难，然后用and递进引出后面的话can interfere with arriving at a good solution，因此该句中的interfere with和前面的difficult一词应该是同一类别的，因此选B:disrupt“干扰”。
细节题。依据是第二段第二句：评价这些解决方法常用的方式就是把所有方法都写下来，然后分别写出每个方法的利与弊。
细节题。依据是第三段第二句：有个方法可以避免我们陷入到各种选择的泥潭中，那就是挑选最佳的方案，但是心理上也要做好如果结果不理想那么也要放弃这个方案的准备。
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