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Human beings in all times and places thi

题库总管2020-05-20  29
问题 Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.1) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.　　“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.2) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.　　Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.　　All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.3)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.　　Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 4) Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.　　5) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
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解析（1）而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的思想和想象。　　【解析】这句话中包含一个小的定语从句，可以直接作为定语修饰中心词。句子主语是humans，谓语部分为have the ability to modify the environment in which they live，其中in which they live是定语从句，修饰environment。thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies是现在分词结构作状语。furthermore此外、而且，起到顺承上文的作用。subject …to …，使…服从于…。（2）社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，力图用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。　　【解析】本句的定语从句结构比较复杂，包括两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句嵌套在另一个定语从句当中，翻译时需要进行拆分。branch的意思为“分支”。其中the same…that表示与…相同，可以译为就像…那样。seek to do…追求，争取。（3）强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。　　【解析】这句话的一个显著特点就是主语很长，并且结构复杂，因此在翻译的时候要注意主语的断句，其实是两个并列的结构用combined with来连接。the emphasis on对……强调，对……重视。past and present过去与现在。cross-cultural perspective跨文化视角。（4）泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。　　【解析】本句的主要结构是define…as…,把…定义为…。本句翻译的难点在于引用的部分，其中包括一个定语从句，翻译时可以将其拆分。在翻译修饰belief, art , morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits时，要将其后的定语acquired by man as a member of society转化成汉语表达方式，即译成前置定语。 complex whole复合整体。（5）因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。　　【解析】本句包含结构比较复杂的定语从句，翻译时需将其拆分。make sth. possible使…成为可能。immerse广大的，无边的。concrete具体的。
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