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  3. Forecasting Methods There are several different methods that can be used to...

Forecasting Methods There are several different methods that can be used to...

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问题 Forecasting Methods
There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method a forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster，the amount of information available to the forecaster，the level of difficul ty that the forecast situation presents，and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast.
The first of these methods is the persistence method ; the simplest way of producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not change. For example，if it is sunny and 87 degrees today，the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degrees tomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today，the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. However，if weather conditions change significantly from day to day， the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.
The trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers，and areas of clouds and precipitation (降水量）.Using this information，the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1，000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day，using the trends method you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. The trends method works well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time. If they slow down， speed up，change intensity, or change directions，the trends forecast will probably not work as well.
The climatology (气候学）method is another simple way of producing a forecast. This method involves averaging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make the forecast. For example，if you were using the climatology method to predict the weather for New York City on July 4th，you would go through all the weather data that has been recorded for every July 4th and take an average. The climatology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected for the chosen time of year. If the pattern is quite unusual for the given time of year， theclimatologymethod will oftenfail.
The analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. It involves examining today’s forecast scenario (模式）and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario looked very similar (an analog). The forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the past. The analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible to find a predict analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations as they were in the previous time. Even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very different results.
Historical weather data are necessary in
选项 A the persistence method and the trends method.
B the trends method and the climatology method.
C the climatology method and the analog method.
D the persistence method and the analog method.
答案C
解析第四段提到，气候学方法需要将过去多年的天气数据计算出来求平均值来预测天气情况，第五段提到模拟法需要检测今天的预测模式和过去相似的天气预测模式。所以气候学方法和模拟法都需要过去的天气数据，所以答案是C。
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