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  3. 共用题干 Intelligence一a Changed View1.Intelligence was believed to be a fixed en...

共用题干 Intelligence一a Changed View1.Intelligence was believed to be a fixed en...

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问题 共用题干
Intelligence一a Changed View

1.Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity,some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements.its value therefore,was as a predictor of children's future learning.If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious.Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age,and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education.
2.Today,we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years,research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence.Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates.
3.There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence.Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence,whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigating what happens in this interaction.
4.Two major findings have emerged from these researches.Firstly,the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life.It is estimated that 50 percent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly,the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship.Much of the difference in measured intelligence between "privileged" and "disadvantaged" children may be due to the latter's lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences.
5.These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence.Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind,we now see it as a set of development skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and,indeed,one of them is learning how to learn.
6.The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes,fewer children will be given the label "low IQ"which must inevitably condemn a child in his own,if not society's eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people.
选项 It was once believed_________,and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence.
A:born to be more intelligent or less intelligent
B:have a better chance to develop his intelligence
C:taught to be more intelligent
D:that intelligence was something a baby was born with
E:and because of the lack of communication with his classmates
F: and partly has to do with a child's living environment
答案D
解析文章第二段告诉我们：目前大量的证据表明环境对成就和智力有巨大的影响。家庭贫困的孩子和比他们更为幸运的同学相比，不仅功课和智力测试成绩较差，而且他们的表现有越来越恶化的趋势。因此它强调的是环境对智力的影响。选择C项。
文章第四段主要探讨的是“研究产生两个重要的发现”，因此只有A项最合适。
文章第五段告诉我们“这些研究结果改变了我们对智力本质的理解”，并详细解释了科学家们对智力发展的新看法，因此只有F项最合适。
文章第六段主要讲“与智力的本质有关的现代观念对我们的学校体系将有一些影响”，并介绍了一些学校教育的新方法，因此只有E项最合适。
文章倒数第二段第二句话讲到“人们曾经认为智力很大程度上是遗传的大脑的固定能力”，因此只有选项D"智力是婴儿生来拥有的”是合适的。
文章第二段告诉我们环境对儿童的智力有很大影响，因此选项F''（智力）与儿童生活环境有关系”是合适的。
文章第四段讲到“‘有优势的’和‘没有优势的’孩子之间被衡量的智力的大部分不同可能是因为后者缺乏必要的语言刺激以及感性经历贫乏”，因此选项B"（通过语言与他人交流）孩子们就会有更好的机会发展智力”是合适的。
文章最后一句说“我们能够像教孩子阅读或算数一样教孩子变聪明的观念被越来越多的人所接受”，因此A项最合适。
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