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  3. 共用题干 Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day.These are seemin...

共用题干 Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day.These are seemin...

admin2020-12-24  4
问题 共用题干
Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day.These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don't question.But an international team of researchers,including Dr. Richmond from GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences,have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce（稀有的）,high-quality resources.The team of researchers from the U.S.,England,Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees（黑猩猩）as they competed for food resources,in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape（类人猿）一one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees一to walk on two legs.
"These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs",said Dr. Richmond.
The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource.Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time , intense bursts of bipedal（二足的）activity may have led to anatomical（解剖学的）changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.
Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University's "outdoor laboratory" in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut一the oil palm nut,which is naturally widely available,and the coula nut,which is not.The chimpanzees' behavior was monitored in three situations:(a)when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available,and(c)when coula nuts were the majority available resource.
When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers,the chimpanzees transported more at one time.Similarly,when coula nuts were the majority resource,the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.
In such high-competition settings,the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available一even their mouths.
The second study,by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University,was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding,a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable resources.Here,35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement,and once again,this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.
选项 Coula nut is naturally widely available,and oil palm nut is rare.
A:Right       
B:Wrong       
C:Not mentioned
答案B
解析第一段第一句和第二句讲到：大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常，并不质疑这种习惯。而题干的内容正好与此相反，所以不正确。
第一段第三句讲到：一个国际研究者团队，包括乔治·华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士，已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年前搬运稀缺的优质资源这种活动，因此该句正确。
第三段第二句讲到：由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。
第四段说，研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩接触两种不同的坚果：一种是自然中常见的油棕榈坚果，一种是自然中不常见的蔻拉果。本句对两种坚果的描述错误。
策五段最后一句讲到：黑猩猩认为蔻拉果才一是珍贵的资源，并为得到蔻拉果激烈竟争。因此该句正确。
题目“Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs eah have their advantage.”文中并未提到。
文章的第四到第六段描述第一项研究，最后一段两要叙述第二项研究。研究结果都证明黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次极走冬可能多的稀有资源有一关。
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