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  3. [A] What to do as a student? 　　[B] Vari

[A] What to do as a student? 　　[B] Vari

shuhaiku2020-05-20  214
问题 [A] What to do as a student?　　[B] Various definitions of plagiarism　　[C] Ideas should always be sourced　　[D] Ignorance can be forgiven　　[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft　　[F] The consequences of plagiarism 　　Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”　　1. ____________________　　The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. ?In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.　　2. ____________________　　Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.　　3. ____________________　　Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.　　4. ____________________　　Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation —notetaking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,” the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.　　5. ____________________　　The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and languages of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.　　The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume the responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
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解析1. F　近义释义法。需选出文章的第一个子标题。该子标题下面的段落中关键词是penalty. 该段内容主要是对于剽窃的不同处罚，这一点可以从这样的表述中看出：the penalty may range from…to…因此我们应该选择[F]选项The consequences of plagiarism(剽窃的后果)，即会受到不同程度的处罚。[B]项中various definitions of plagiarism(剽窃的不同定义)中的various与该段第一句中various相同，但它实在是一个不太高明的干扰项。只要我们认清关键内容是处罚就能得到正确的答案。2. A　近义释义法。需选出文章的第二个子标题。第二部分伊始就提到students…must avoid…很明显在告诉我们作为学生必须做的事情。因此我们可以确定选项[A]What to do as a student?是正确答案。段中“otherwise dire consequences may occur(否则会出现可怕的后果)”会对我们造成一定的误导。如何分辨这样的干扰呢?我们要注意本部分并没有紧跟着详细说明什么是具体的可怕的结果，而是接着谈起了剽窃的三种分类。因此运用排除法排除选项[F]The consequences of plagiarism。3. D　近义释义法。需选出文章的第三个子标题。这一部分主要是讲述剽窃的一种：by accident or oversight(无意为之)，除了最后一句话其余皆在分析造成这种剽窃行为的原因和可能性，比如记不清所引用的资料来自哪里，或者是间接获取的资料，又或者无法确定是否有必要注明出处等。关键在于最后一句话：应该预防这种剽窃，但它是最不严重的一种，如果人们从中吸取了教训可以免除严厉的惩罚。因此我们选择[D]，无知是可以被原谅的。4. C　因果关系法。需选出文章的第四个子标题。这道题有一定难度。可能有人一看到ignorance，便草率地选择答案D。仔细阅读这一部分，我们发现本段介绍了几种避免出现剽窃行为的方法，包括做注解、引用、脚注、列举参考书目。最后一句话中“虽然新闻或思想的版权体现在如何表述它们，但是每一个作者都无法对于剽窃自己思想的做法视而不见。”我们能感到作者的态度：即使是关于新闻或思想，我们在引用的时候也应该注明出处。因此我们选择答案[C]，引用任何思想时都应注明出处。5. E　同义再现法。需选出文章的第五个子标题。下文主要介绍了最为严重的有意剽窃产生的原因以及该种行为的恶劣性质。作者提到了几个词如“不道德、不诚实、无礼和卑劣”可以使我们感到作者对剽窃的厌恶。文中出现了“he not only steals”，选项[E]“plagiarism is equivalent to theft(剽窃无异于偷窃)”中theft与原文中steal前后呼应，可以帮助我们确定[E]是最合适的答案。
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