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共用题干 Approaches to Understanding Intelligences It pays to be smart, but we a...

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问题 共用题干
Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
It pays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way.You may be a talented musician, but you might not be a good reader.Each of us is different.
Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities.Psychologists have two different views on intelligence.Some believe there is one general intelligence.Others believe there are many different intelligences.
Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests.These psy- chologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests.They do well on tests using words,numbers,or pictures.They do well on individual or group tests,and written or oral tests.Those who do poorly on one test,do the same on all tests.
Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence.The brains of intelligent people use less energy during problem solving.The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction.Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain.
Howard Gardner,a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education,has four children.He believes
that all children are different and shouldn't be tested by one intelligence test.Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists,he doesn't think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling.He thinks that the human mind has different intelligences.These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life.Each of us has different abilities within these intelli- gences.Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelli- gences.
Gardner says that his theory is based on biology.For example,when one part of the brain is injured, other parts of the brain still work.People who cannot talk because of brain damage can still sing.So,there is not just one intelligence to lose.Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence:linguistic,mathe- matical , spatial , musical , interpersonal , intrapersonal , body-kinesthetic（身体动觉的）,and naturalistic.
选项 According to Gardner,schools should______.
A:test students'IQs
B:train students who do poorly on tests
C:focus on finding the most intelligent students
D:promote development of all intelligences
答案D
解析本文主要论述的是心理学家们对智力所持有的不同看法，并通过实验观察来证明自己的观点，因此本文的主要内容就是如何来理解智力，故选C。
文章的第三段和第四段是关于generalintelligence的论述。由第三段第二句“Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.”可知，本题应选A。
由文章第五段第二句可知，Gardner认为所有的孩子都是不同的，不能用同一种智力测试来判断，故选B。
由文章第五段最后一句可知，Gardner认为学校的目的应该是提倡学生各方面智力的全面发展，故选D。
由文章最后一段第一句的内容可知，Gardner认为他的理论是以生物学为根据的，故选A。第二篇本文主要介绍的内容为工人和工厂运营管理之间的关系。本文观点支持工人在公司的管理中享有发言权，并对此进行分析，表明此举可以增加工人的劳动积极性，对公司具有积极意义。
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