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  3. 1) The hierarchy of needs is an idea ass

1) The hierarchy of needs is an idea ass

书海库2020-05-20  24
问题 1) The hierarchy of needs is an idea associated with one man, Abraham Maslow, the most influential humanist ever to have worked in industry.It is a theory about the way in which people are motivated. 2) The theory arose out of a sense that classic economics was not giving managers much help because it failed to take into account the complexity of human motivation. Maslow divided needs into five:　　· Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, sex and sleep. Food and drinks manufacturers operate to satisfy needs in this area, as do prostitutes and tobacco growers.　　· Safety needs: job security, protection from harm and the avoidance of risk. At this level an individual’s thoughts turn to insurance, burglar alarms and savings deposits.　　· Social needs: the affection of family and friendship. These are satisfied by such things as weddings, sophisticated restaurants and telecommunications.　　· Esteem needs (also called ego needs), divided into internal needs, such as self-respect and sense of achievement, and external needs, such as status and recognition. Industries focused on this level include the sports industry and activity holidays.　　· Self-actualization, famously described by Maslow: “A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately happy. What a man can be, he must be. This need we may call self-actualization.” Self-actualization is different from the other levels of need in at least one important respect: it is never finished, never fully satisfied. 3)It is, as Shakespeare put it, “as if increase of appetite grows by what it feeds on”.　　An individual’s position in the hierarchy is constantly shifting and any single act may satisfy needs at different levels. Thus having a drink at a bar with a friend may be satisfying both a thirst and a need for friendship (levels one and three). Single industries can be aimed at satisfying needs at different levels. For example, a hotel may provide food to satisfy level one, a nearby restaurant to satisfy level three, and special weekend tours of interesting sites to satisfy level five.　　The hierarchy is not absolute. It is affected by the general environment in which the individual lives. The extent to which social needs are met in the workplace, for instance, varies according to culture. 4) In Japan the corporate organization is an important source of a man’s sense of belonging (although not of a woman’s); in the West it is much less so.One of Maslow’s early disciples was a Californian company called NLS (Non-Linear Systems). In the early 1960s it dismantled its assembly line and replaced it with production teams of six or seven workers in order to increase their motivation. 5) Each team was responsible for the entire production process, and they worked in areas that they decorated according to their own taste. A host of other innovations (such as dispensing with time cards) revolutionized the company. Profits and productivity soared, but Maslow remained skeptical. He worried that his ideas were being too easily “taken as gospel truth, without any real examination of their reliability”.(此文选自The Economist 2008年刊)
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解析（1）提到需求层次理论，我们便会想到迄今为止在人类学研究领域最富影响力的一个人——亚伯拉罕·马斯洛。　　【解析】本句是一个单句：The hierarchy of needs is an idea associated with one man，句中one man有两个同位语，因此重点在确定句子的顺序。首先，根据中英文行文差异：英文先出最重要信息，然后才是次要信息，最后是补充信息，中文正好与之相反可知，本句主语之后首先出现的应该是man的第二个同位语，然后是第一个同位语；其次，注意industry此处不是表示“工业”，而是指“某研究领域”。（2）古典经济学因为没能考虑到人类复杂的动机和需求，所以不能给管理者提供多少帮助，需求理论便应运而生。　　【解析】本句由主句+定语从句构成，其中定语从句有状语从句，需理清句子顺序。首先，和上题一样的方法确定译句的顺序，because从句最先译出，然后是定语从句中的主句，最后是主句；其次，音译汉时，记住一定先出主语，故classic economics最先译；最后，本句the complexity of human motivation中，将抽象名词complexity根据其形容词词根译为“复杂的”，此处涉及到英译汉“偏正互换”的技巧，原文用human motivation修饰complexity，本该是“人类动机的复杂性”，但根据中文特点，则译为“复杂的人类动机”，即改变两者地位，使译文更加地道。（3）如莎士比亚所说，在这个方面，“吃得越好，胃口也就越好”。　　【解析】本句由单句+方式状语从句构成，只是状语插入到主句当中了，因此，应先确定句子顺序，重点是主句后半句的翻译。首先，次要信息as放句首，接着出主句；其次，主句中it可以用代词“不抽象不具体”的译法，即不抽象译为“它”，也不具体译为“自我实现”使译文累赘，可译为不抽象不具体的“这方面”；最后，引言中按照动作发生的先后顺序进行翻译。（4）在日本，对于一个男人，公司是归属感的一个重要来源(虽然对于女人不是这样)；而在西方，这种情况则远非如此。　　【解析】本句由两个并列单句组成，翻译时注意单句之间的衔接。首先，句中的man应该用本义“男性”，这样与woman相对应；其次，第二句中it代指上一句所提到的现象，故不抽象不具体地译为“这种情况”，so 也是上句提到的情况，译成“如此”，避免重复；最后，两句之间根据内容可以判断是对比关系，用转折连词“而，但是”是文意更加流畅。（5）每个小组都对整个生产过程负责，并且他们工作的地方是按照他们自己喜欢的风格装修的。　　【解析】本句由and连接两句子构成，是并列关系，故可按原文顺序直接译，注意第二句中定语从句的翻译。
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