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  3. Passage 2 Taylor Swift, the seven-time Grammy winner, is known for her artic...

Passage 2 Taylor Swift, the seven-time Grammy winner, is known for her artic...

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问题 Passage 2
Taylor Swift, the seven-time Grammy winner, is known for her articulate lyrics, so there wasnothing surprising about her writing a long column for The Wall Street Journal about the future ofthe music industry. Yet there′ s reason to doubt the optimism of what she had to say "This moment in music is so exciting because the creative avenues an artist can explore arelimitless," Swift wrote."In this moment in music, stepping out of your comfort zone is rewarded,and sonic evolution is not only accepted ... it is celebrated. The only real risk is being too afraid totake a risk at all."
That′s hard to reconcile with Nielsen′s mid-year U.S. music report, which showed a 15percent year-on-year drop in album sales and a 13 percent decline in digital track sales. This couldbe the 2013 story all over again, in which streaming services cannibalize their growth from digitaldownloads, whose numbers dropped for the first time ever last year, except that even includingstreams, album sales are down 3.3 percent so far in 2014. Streaming has grown even more than it didlast year,42 percent compared to 32 percent, but has failed to make up for a general loss of interestin music.
Consider this: in 2014 to date, Americans purchased 593.6 million digital tracks and heard 70.3million video and audio streams for a sum total of 663.9 million. In the comparable period of 2013,the total came to 731.7 million.
Swift, one of the few artists able to pull off stadium tours, believes it′s all about quality.
"People are still buying albums, but now they′ re buying just a few of them," she wrote. "They arebuying only the ones that hit them like an arrow through the heart."
In 2000, album sales peaked at 785 million. Last year, they were down to 415.3 million. Swiftis right, but for many of the artists whose albums pierce hearts like arrows, it′s too late. Sales ofvinyl albums have increased 40.4 percent so far this year, according to Nielsen, and the top-sellingone was guitar hero Jack White′ s Lazaretto. The top 10 also includes records by the aging or dead,such as the Beatles and Bob Marley & the Wailers. More modern entries are not exactly teensensations, either: the Black Keys, Beck and the Arctic Monkeys. None of these artists is present onthe digital sales charts, including or excluding streams. The top-selling album so far this year, by ahuge margin, is the saccharine soundtrack to the Disney animated hit, "Frozen".
When, like me, you′re over 40 and you believe the music industry has been in decline since in1993 (the year Nirvana released in Utero), it′ s easy to criticize the music taste of "the kids thesedays," a term even the 23-year old Swift uses. My fellow dinosaurs will understand if they compare1993′s top albums to Nielsen′s 2014 list. But these kids don′t just like to listen to different musicthan we do, they no longer find much worth hearing.
The way the music industry works now may have something to do with that. In the old days,musicians showed their work to industry executives, the way most book authors still do to publishers(although that tradition, too, is eroding). The executives made mistakes and were credited with brilliantfinds. Sometimes they followed the public taste, and sometimes they strove to shape it, taking bigfinancial and career risks in the process. These days, according to Swift, it′s all about the socialnetworks. "A friend of mine, who is an actress, told me that when the casting for her recent movie camedown to two actresses, the casting director chose the actress with more Twitter followers," Swift wrote.
"In the future, artists will get record deals because they have fans--not the other way around."
The social networks are fickle and self-consciously sarcastic(see the recent potato saladphenomenon). They are not about arrow-through-the-heart sincerity. That′ s why YouTube made Psya star, but it couldn′t have been the medium for Beatle mania. Justin Timberlake has 32.9 millionTwitter followers, but he′ s no Jack White.
In the music industry′ s heyday, it produced a lot of schlock. But it got great music out to themasses, too. These days, it expects artists to do their own promotion and for those who less good atthat than at making music, it may mean not getting heard. For fans it means less good music tostream and download. Well, there′s always the warm and fuzzy world of vinyl nostalgia, I guess.
What does the underlined word "that" in PARAGRAPH EIGHT refer to
选项 A.Kid' s music taste.

B.1993' s top album.

C.Nielsen' s 2014 list.

D.The music industry.
答案A
解析指代题。根据第七段第一句“When，like me，you’re over 40 and you believe the music industry has been in decline since in 1993(the year Nirvana released in Utero)，it’s easy to criticize the music taste of‘the kidsthese days．’a term eventhe 23-year old Swift uses．"可知现在的音乐市场不景气．很容易被人认为是由于现在的孩子对音乐的喜好与作者那时代的人不一样。所以第八段中“The way the music industry works now may have some thing to do with that．”中的that指代的就是孩子的音乐喜好(kid’s music taste)。
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