2. 建筑工程
  3. Part B Directions: Read the following

Part B Directions: Read the following

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问题 Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by reading information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Make your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)　　“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.　　Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.　　From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—on Famous Men, highlighting the virtus(or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolò Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.　　Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and author of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist’s person experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smile wrote Self-Helpas a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. “The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit.” wrote Smile, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.” His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.　　This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.　　Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle, As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”　　This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.
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解析41. A　Petrarch出现在文章第三段第二行“In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men, highlighting the virtues (or virtue) of classical heroes。”根据此句的提示，Petrarch强调英雄美德。正确答案为A。highlight与emphasize属同义词,都有“强调”的意思。42. F　本题信息点Niccolo Machiavelli出现在文章第三段第三句话和第四句话“This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders。”由此可知Niccolo Machiavelli在The Prince一书中，他认为领袖成功的技巧不是美德、仁慈和公正，而是狡诈、无情和大胆。根据此句的提示，正确答案为F。43. G　本题信息点Samuel Smiles出现在第四段第三句话“By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores”，意思是：Samual Smiles 描写了工程师们、企业家们和探险家们有价值的生活。根据此句的提示，正确答案为G。44. C　本题信息点Thomas Carlyle出现在文章第五段“These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere morals。”由此得知Thomas Carlyle的观点在于划时代的人物的生活很难模仿。因此，正确答案为C。45. E　本题信息点Marx and Engels主张Communist Manifesto共产党宣言，出现在第五段第二行“And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle”，意思是：历史应该是人民大众的故事，他们斗争的记录。因此，正确答案为E。
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