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  3. Part B Directions: In the following te

Part B Directions: In the following te

shuhaiku2020-05-20  14
问题 Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removeD.For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)　　The social sciences are flourishing.A.s of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia.A.ccording to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.　　Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)__________________________ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.　　(42) _____________________________This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real worlD.To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.　　Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.A.nalyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004. (43)_____________________________　　When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example.A.nd whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.　　The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44)_______________________ This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.　　The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)_____________________________ That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.　　[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.　　[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.　　[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.　　[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.　　[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.　　[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.A.nd in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.　　[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
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解析41. E　作者在文章第一段中肯定了目前社会科学发展迅速，人员队伍不断壮大的积极趋势，但在第二段开始即指出，如此规模的人员队伍并未给应对当今全球性挑战做出应有的贡献。这些挑战包括气候变化、安全、可持续发展和卫生问题等。本题空白处后续的内容与消除饥饿有关，且这个问题“也是社会性的”。根据这两点可以推断空白处内容应涉及某个全球性且带有社会性的挑战。E项提出，上述问题的根源在于人类自身的行为，解决这些问题除依赖科技手段外，还需要转变个人行为和变革社会，气候变化就是一个典型的例子。E项中的These issues指代上文中的today’s global challenges，social innovations和technological development，同后文中的agro-technological tools和problems are social相互衔接，形成清晰的平行关系。42. F　从本题空白处后面的This is a shame可推断出空缺内容应是消极含义。F项体现了两重消极含义：(1)很多社科学者不愿为应对全球性挑战做实际工作；(2)欧洲国家还打算削减用于社科研究的资金。作者于是发出了“这很令人失望”的感慨。F项中的such problems与上一段呼应，social scientists也得到后文中the community(此处指社会科学界)的衔接。作者呼吁社科学者抓住机遇提高自身在现实世界中的影响力，也是针对社会科学不关注实际问题的状况，且与下文中批评社会科学不重视对外部产生影响的观点相联系。43. B　由第四段可知，作者认为社会科学只局限于学科问题和学界内部研讨，而不重视其对外部的影响，这种状况可以从近年来发表相关论文的数量上得到佐证。B项的意图即是要提供相应统计数字。However，the numbers are still small与前文构成明显转折，one of these keywords也承接前文，从而形成虽然包含environmental change和climate change等关键词的论文数量增长迅速，但情况仍不乐观的完整逻辑关系。44. G ?文章从第六段开始转向有关资金问题的探讨。G项提供了近年来人文与社会科学研究资助情况的数据。national spending、research and development funds以及具体统计数字均是有关资金的细节，与本段主旨联系紧密，本题空白处后面This is an adequate amount也起到明显的提示作用。45. C　作者在第六段后半部分提出资助削减，在第七段一开始就指出只要利用得当仍可满足需要。作者通过“欧盟框架计划”资助项目的例子进一步阐明更好地利用资金才是解决问题的办法。在作者看来，欧洲国家削减社科研究资助的初衷是为了更有效地推动研究。C项中的The idea指Horizon 2020计划的构想，即促进社会科学与其他学科加速一体化进程，这将有助于推动合作，开发直接针对解决全球性问题的项目，create more collaborative endeavors和help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems正是integrate their work with other categories的结果。
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